THE ENGLISH PERIOD

The Old English Period or the Anglo Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo Saxon or Old English appeared. One of the most well‐known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. Two poets of Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf.

The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English." Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d’Arthur. While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas more and Sir Thomas Wyatt.

In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).

The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizabeth I, 1558 ‐ 1603. During this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.

The Jacobean Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of James I, 1603 ‐ 1625. During this time the literature became sophisticated, sombre, and conscious of social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as The king James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis bacon, and Thomas Middleton.

The Caroline Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Charles I, 1625 ‐ 1649. The writers of this age wrote with refinement and elegance. This era produced a circle of poets known as the “Cavalier Poets” and the dramatists of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.

The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum, of English Literature includes the literature produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes’ political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theatres on moral and religious grounds. For the next eighteen years the theatres remained closed, accounting for the lack of drama produced during this time period.

The Neoclassical Period of English literature (1660 ‐ 1785) was much influenced by contemporary French literature, which was in the midst of its greatest age. The literature of this time is known for its use of philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit, and refinement. The Neoclassical Period also marks the first great age of English literary criticism.

Much like the English Literary Renaissance, the Neoclassical Period can be divided into three subsets: the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.

The Restoration, 1660 ‐ 1700, is marked by the restoration of the monarchy and the triumph of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced an abundance of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. It was during the Restoration that John Milton published Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.

Other major writers of the era include John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke.

The English Augustan Age derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Virgil and Ovid under the Roman emperor

Augustus (27 B.C. ‐ A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age, 1700 ‐ 1745, refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. Well‐known writers of the Augustan Age include Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Daniel Defoe. A significant contribution of this time period included the release of the first English novels by Defoe, and the "novel of character," Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, in 1740.

During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of Enlightenment and began to emphasize instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson and his literary and intellectual circle. This period also produced some of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).

The Romantic Period of English literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic Period produced a wealth of authors including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron. It was during the Romantic Period that Gothic literature was born. Traits of Gothic literature are dark and gloomy settings and characters and situations that are fantastic, grotesque, wild, savage, mysterious, and often melodramatic. Two of the most famous Gothic novelists are Anne Radcliffe and Mary Shelley.

The Victorian Period of English literature began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporary issues that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. Within the Victorian Period, two other literary movements, that of The Pre‐Raphaelites (1848‐1860) and the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880‐1900), gained prominence.

In 1848, a group of English artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, formed the "Pre‐Raphaelite Brotherhood." It was the aim of this group to return painting to a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and religious devotion that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his literary circle, which included his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their literature, and the result was that of the literary Pre‐Raphaelites.

The Aestheticism and Decadence movement of English literature grew out of the French movement of the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the dominance of scientific thinking and defied the hostility of society to any art that was not useful or did not teach moral values. It was from the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence that the phrase art for art's sake emerged. A well‐known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde.

The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and spans the time from Queen Victoria's death (1901) to the beginning of World War I (1914). During this time, The British Empire was at its height and the wealthy lived lives of materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in squalor. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the selfishness of the upper classes. Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.m. Forster.

The Georgian Period refers to the period of British Literature that is named for the reign of George V (1910‐36). Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor poets, were published in four anthologies entitled

Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Georgian poetry tends to focus on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form.

The Modern Period applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett..

Following World War II (1939‐1945), the Postmodern Period of British Literature developed. Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms. While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millennium is crowded and varied, the authors still fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern era may be reorganized and expanded

Periode Inggris Kuno atau Periode Anglo-Saxon mengacu pada literatur yang dihasilkan dari invasi Inggris Celtic oleh suku-suku Jermanik di paruh pertama abad kelima untuk penaklukan Inggris tahun 1066 oleh William Sang Penakluk. Selama Masa Inggris Kuno, sastra ditulis mulai berkembang dari tradisi lisan, dan dalam puisi abad kedelapan ditulis dalam bahasa Anglo Saxon atau Inggris Kuno muncul. Salah satu yang paling terkenal potongan abad kedelapan Inggris Kuno sastra adalah Beowulf, sebuah puisi epik besar Jerman. Dua penyair Periode Inggris Kuno yang menulis tentang tema-tema alkitabiah dan agama Caedmon dan Cynewulf.

Periode Inggris Tengah terdiri dari literatur yang diproduksi di empat setengah abad antara Norman
Penaklukan 1066 dan sekitar 1500, ketika bahasa sastra standar, berasal dari dialek daerah London, menjadi dikenal sebagai "bahasa Inggris modern."
Sebelum paruh kedua abad keempat belas, sastra vernakular terutama terdiri dari tulisan-tulisan keagamaan. Paruh kedua abad keempat belas diproduksi usia besar pertama dari literatur sekuler. Yang paling banyak dikenal dari tulisan-tulisan ini adalah Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales, The, Sir Gawain dan anonim Knight Hijau, dan Thomas Malory 's Morte d'Arthur.
Sementara Renaisans Inggris dimulai dengan pendakian Gedung dari Tudor ke tahta Inggris di tahun 1485, Renaisans Sastra Inggris mulai dengan humanis Inggris seperti Sir Thomas lebih dan Sir Thomas Wyatt.
Selain itu, Renaissance Sastra Inggris terdiri dari empat himpunan bagian: Zaman Elizabeth, Zaman Jacobean, Zaman Caroline, dan Periode Persemakmuran (yang juga dikenal sebagai Interregnum Puritan).
Zaman Elizabeth Sastra Inggris bertepatan dengan masa pemerintahan Elizabeth I, 1558-1603. Selama ini, tradisi abad pertengahan dicampur dengan optimisme Renaisans. Lirik puisi, prosa, dan drama adalah gaya utama dari literatur yang berbunga selama Zaman Elizabeth. Beberapa penulis penting dari Zaman Elizabeth termasuk William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, dan Ben Jonson.
Zaman Jacobean Sastra Inggris bertepatan dengan masa pemerintahan James I, 1603-1625. Selama ini literatur menjadi canggih, suram, dan sadar pelecehan sosial dan persaingan. Zaman Jacobean diproduksi prosa yang kaya dan drama serta Raja James terjemahan dari Alkitab. Shakespeare dan Jonson menulis selama Zaman Jacobean, serta John Donne, Francis bacon, dan Thomas Middleton.
Zaman Caroline Sastra Inggris bertepatan dengan masa pemerintahan Charles I, 1625-1649. Para penulis zaman ini menulis dengan kehalusan dan keanggunan. Era ini menghasilkan lingkaran penyair yang dikenal sebagai "Penyair Cavalier" dan dramawan zaman ini adalah yang terakhir untuk menulis dalam tradisi Elizabeth.
Periode Persemakmuran, juga dikenal sebagai Interregnum Puritan, Sastra Inggris termasuk sastra yang dihasilkan selama waktu Puritan pemimpin Oliver Cromwell. Periode ini menghasilkan tulisan-tulisan politik John Milton, Leviathan risalah politik Thomas Hobbes ', dan prosa Andrew Marvell. Pada bulan September 1642, kaum Puritan menutup teater atas dasar moral dan agama. Selama delapan belas tahun ke depan teater tetap ditutup, terhitung kurangnya drama yang dihasilkan selama periode ini.
Periode Neoklasik sastra Inggris (1660 - 1785) banyak dipengaruhi oleh sastra Prancis kontemporer, yang di tengah usia yang terbesar. Literatur waktu ini dikenal untuk penggunaannya filsafat, alasan, skeptisisme, kecerdasan, dan halus. Periode neoklasik juga menandai usia besar pertama dari kritik sastra Inggris.
Banyak seperti Renaissance Sastra Inggris, Periode Neoklasik dapat dibagi menjadi tiga himpunan bagian: Pemulihan, Zaman Augustan, dan Era Sensibility.
Restorasi, 1660 - 1700, ditandai dengan pemulihan monarki dan kemenangan nalar dan toleransi lebih semangat agama dan politik. Restorasi ini menghasilkan kelimpahan prosa dan puisi dan komedi khas krama dikenal sebagai komedi Restorasi. Ia selama Pemulihan bahwa John Milton Paradise Lost dan dipublikasikan kembali surga.
Penulis utama lainnya pada zaman tersebut termasuk John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, dan John Locke.
Zaman Inggris Augustan namanya berasal dari periode sastra brilian Virgil dan Ovid bawah kaisar Romawi
Augustus (27 SM - AD 14). Dalam sastra Inggris, Zaman Augustan, 1700 - 1745, mengacu pada literatur dengan karakteristik utama dari perbaikan, kejelasan, keanggunan, dan keseimbangan penghakiman. Penulis-penulis terkenal dari Zaman Augustan termasuk Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, dan Daniel Defoe. Sebuah kontribusi yang signifikan dari periode ini termasuk rilis dari novel berbahasa Inggris pertama oleh Defoe, dan "novel karakter," Pamela, oleh Samuel Richardson, tahun 1740.
Selama Zaman Sensibility, sastra mencerminkan pandangan dunia Pencerahan dan mulai menekankan naluri dan perasaan, bukan penilaian dan pengendalian diri. Sebuah simpati yang berkembang untuk Abad Pertengahan selama Zaman Sensibility memicu minat dalam balada abad pertengahan dan sastra rakyat. Nama lain untuk periode ini adalah Zaman Johnson karena penulis dominan periode ini adalah Samuel Johnson dan lingkaran sastra dan intelektual. Periode ini juga menghasilkan beberapa novel-novel awal terbesar dari bahasa Inggris, termasuk Richardson Clarissa (1748) dan Henry Fielding Tom Jones (1749).
Periode Romantis sastra Inggris dimulai pada akhir abad 18 dan berlangsung sampai kira-kira 1832. Secara umum, sastra Romantis dapat dicirikan oleh sifat pribadinya, penggunaan kuat perasaan, penggunaan berlimpah simbolisme, dan eksplorasi alam dan supranatural. Selain itu, tulisan-tulisan kaum Romantik dianggap inovatif berbasis pada keyakinan mereka bahwa sastra harus spontan, imajinatif, pribadi, dan gratis. Periode Romantis dihasilkan banyak penulis termasuk Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, dan Lord Byron. Ia selama Periode Romantis bahwa sastra Gothic lahir. Sifat sastra Gothic pengaturan gelap dan suram dan karakter dan situasi yang fantastis, aneh, liar, buas, misterius, dan sering melodramatis. Dua dari novelis Gothic paling terkenal adalah Anne Radcliffe dan Mary Shelley.
Periode Victoria sastra Inggris dimulai dengan aksesi Ratu Victoria naik tahta pada tahun 1837, dan berlangsung sampai kematiannya pada 1901. Karena Periode Victoria sastra Inggris mencakup lebih dari enam dekade, tahun 1870 ini sering digunakan untuk membagi era menjadi "Victoria awal" dan "terlambat Victoria." Secara umum, sastra Victoria berkaitan dengan isu-isu dan masalah hari. Beberapa kontemporer isu bahwa Victoria ditangani mencakup masalah-masalah sosial, ekonomi, agama, dan intelektual dan masalah seputar Revolusi Industri, ketegangan kelas yang berkembang, gerakan feminis awal, tekanan terhadap reformasi politik dan sosial, dan dampak dari teori Charles Darwin evolusi pada filosofi dan agama. Beberapa penulis yang paling dikenal dari era Victoria termasuk Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth
Barrett Browning, suaminya Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, dan Thomas Hardy. Dalam Periode Victoria, dua gerakan sastra lain, yang dari The Pra-Raphaelites (1848-1860) dan pergerakan Estetisisme dan dekadensi (1880-1900), menjadi terkenal.
Pada tahun 1848, sekelompok seniman Inggris, termasuk Dante Gabriel Rossetti, membentuk "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood." Itu adalah tujuan kelompok ini untuk kembali ke lukisan gaya kebenaran, kesederhanaan, dan ketaatan beragama yang memerintah sebelum Raphael dan Renaissance Italia yang tinggi. Rossetti dan lingkaran sastra, termasuk adiknya Christina, cita-cita dimasukkan ke dalam literatur mereka, dan hasilnya adalah bahwa dari sastra Pra-Raphaelites.
Gerakan Estetisisme dan dekadensi sastra Inggris tumbuh dari gerakan Perancis dengan nama yang sama. Para penulis dari gerakan ini mendorong eksperimentasi dan memegang pandangan bahwa seni benar-benar menentang "alami" norma-norma moralitas. Gaya sastra menentang dominasi pemikiran ilmiah dan menantang permusuhan dari masyarakat untuk setiap seni yang tidak berguna atau tidak mengajarkan nilai-nilai moral. Itu dari pergerakan Estetisisme dan dekadensi bahwa seni frase demi seni muncul. Seorang penulis terkenal dari Inggris Estetisisme dan gerakan dekadensi adalah Oscar Wilde.
Periode Edwardian adalah nama untuk Raja Edward VII dan mencakup waktu dari kematian Ratu Victoria (1901) ke awal Perang Dunia I (1914). Selama waktu ini, Kerajaan Inggris sedang pada puncaknya dan orang kaya menjalani hidup yang mewah materialistis. Namun, empat perlima dari penduduk Inggris tinggal di kemelaratan. Tulisan-tulisan Periode Edwardian mencerminkan dan mengomentari kondisi sosial. Sebagai contoh, penulis seperti George Bernard Shaw dan HG Wells menyerang ketidakadilan sosial dan keegoisan dari kelas atas. Penulis lain dari waktu termasuk William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, dan Em Forster.
Periode Georgia merujuk pada periode Sastra Inggris yang dinamai masa pemerintahan George V (1910-1936). Banyak penulis dari Periode Edwardian terus menulis selama Periode Georgia. Era ini juga menghasilkan sekelompok penyair yang dikenal sebagai penyair Georgia. Penulis-penulis ini, sekarang dianggap sebagai penyair kecil, diterbitkan dalam empat antologi berjudul
Georgia Puisi, diterbitkan oleh Edward Marsh antara 1912 dan 1922. Puisi Georgia cenderung berfokus pada materi pelajaran pedesaan dan tradisional dalam teknik dan bentuk.
Periode modern berlaku untuk literatur Inggris yang ditulis sejak awal Perang Dunia I pada 1914. Penulis Periode modern telah bereksperimen dengan materi pelajaran, bentuk, dan gaya dan telah menghasilkan prestasi dalam semua genre sastra. Penyair dari periode ini termasuk Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, dan Seamus Heaney. Novelis termasuk James Joyce, DH Lawrence, dan Virginia Woolf. Dramawan termasuk Noel Coward dan Samuel Beckett ..
Setelah Perang Dunia II (1939-1945), Periode postmodern Sastra Inggris dikembangkan. Postmodernisme memadukan genre sastra dan gaya dan upaya untuk membebaskan diri dari bentuk modernis. Sementara panggung sastra Inggris pada pergantian milenium baru ramai dan bervariasi, penulis masih jatuh ke dalam kategori modernisme dan postmodernisme. Namun, dengan berlalunya waktu era modern mungkin harus ditata kembali dan diperluas