Tampilkan postingan dengan label Literature. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Literature. Tampilkan semua postingan

1/24/2015

RONGGENG DUKUH PARUK



WOMAN AS THE SEX MACHINE IN THE NOVEL “RONGGENG DUKUH PARUK”
By
Asep Zaenul Falah
1210503022

            The sex harassment and sex despising for the woman is yet unacceptable in some reasons of the human rights.  Those cases still surrounding the woman life today, which is become the habitual in inequality system toward the woman character. The inequality system creates one of the species above another species. In this term the man as the rule of patriarchal system behold their self as the superior species of the human being to take over another species who is woman. Thus, this assumption build the inequality in every terms of the society such as, education, rights, duties, virtue, etc. Mary Wollstonecraft in Bennet (2010: 16) asserts that if there is a mistakable understanding of rights and duties, especially in knowledge the equality seems lost its power to be achieved by man. On that case, the division of hierarchy in society only can be assumed based on the physical strength of the man which is divided into weak and strong. 
The public opinion of two sexes creates the woman who is not though enough as the stronger one plunge into a system under the men. The system is built by the ignoble base when the stronger should be master because the appearance, law, and nature (Wollstonecraft in Bennet, 1972: 57). The man domination is not only takes the system of norm in the society, but also forms the rule to define the woman character in the literary works (all the text in education and art).
Most people think that women’s literature just explains the women’s handicap such as, educational, experiential, and biological. In fact the women’s literature is not only describes the world of woman itself, but also it contains all the social complexity included man. This exclamation is used as therapy to release from stifling silence of the drawing room, and as a rebellion against the indifference and insensitivity of the men closest to them (Showalter: 1979: 172).
            The cultural issues which bind woman in inequality condition of the social such as, domestic violence and exploitation can be seen in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk. The novel is written by Ahmad Tohari as the expression of the life experience. Tohari describes woman as the social production to fulfill man desire as the sex machine in entertainment show. He applies the mimetic approach to descript the uneducated society which is deceiving the social construction hold by the men domination.
            Portraying Srintil as the woman main character who follows the patriarchal system as the uneducated woman, Tohari explains the condition of the society which create woman trapped in social institution. The society of the novel creates the tradition rule that obligate woman to become Ronggeng who is proper as the valuation to the ancestors. The woman should sell their body in the tradition of sexuality desire as the beautiful creature. Tohari itself uses the innocent female teenager as the main character in the beginning of the plot who is Srintil 12 years old. This condition creates the circumstances that full of the lack of education and knowledge behind the social culture.

Senggot timbane rante, tiwas ngegot ning ora suwe. (Tohari, page 5)
            The quotation above shows the excerption of the traditional song of Javanese people has been sung by the Ronggeng. In the novel, first time the song has been sung by Srintil the innocent girl who does not know the real meaning of the song. The song uses metaphor to explain the sexuality desire of human being. In the other hand, this song seems like a sacred traditional song to worship the ancestor of Dukuh Paruk the village where Srintil is live.  In the relation with Wollstonecraft (in Bennet 2010: 77) who creates the metaphor for woman as a rake, Srintil does not realize that herself used by the man only to fulfill sexuality desire.
            In the condition of lack education woman trapped by the social culture easily. In additions of the innocent conditions of the girls man take the advantage of woman base on they naturally condition. In this case, the beautiful body of woman use as the sexual machine to build the false biological needs.
            “mimik penagih birahi yang selalu ditampilkan oleh seorang ronggeng yang sebenarnya, juga diperbuat oleh Srintil saat itu (Tohari, fage 6)
            For instance the sarcasm above describe women only has the beautiful body base on their sex reproduction of the sensibility naturally. Those, Srinntil only following the role of man with who are often she herself as the will passion. According to Wollstonecraft (1975) the polis women only accept their condition base on their anatomy and physical term. Moreover, woman has no significant function except only for sex. According to Wollstonecraft (19722:76) that women begin oppressed because of the cultural relations and social institutions created them to sell their body in the beauty.
Dukuh Paruk hanya lengkap bila di sana ada keramat Ki Secamenggala, ada seloroh cabul, ada sumpah-serapah dan ada ronggeng bersama perangkat calungnya.

            The sensual side in the novel of sexuality which is used as a term of cultural law in Dukuh Paruk. It means that woman shoul follow the traditional and cultural law without thinking because their lack of the division of sex. The society creates woman as the sex machine as the naturally condition. On the other hand, man can take the advantage of this condition as the dominant species who consume the desire in the woman body for sexual exploitation. Man can enjoy woman body  free and exploit their sex harrasment because of the legalization of social culture.
            Because of their natural weakness woman be oppresed again and again in the sexual condition. The weakness of mind and body of woman itself makes the inequality social structure stands firm. Srintil cannot reject and deni the system of the society becase of her innocent and frivolous mind. The condition of Srintil explains that woman never has an option in social structure. Common passion are excited by common qualities which is base of the education and the virtue of woman character abandoned (Wollstonecraft, 1972: 86).  Education thus only supplies the man of genius to create their domination of the society assotiation (in this terms the legal association is Ronggeng).


 “Tak kusangka Srintil bisa menari sebagus itu,” katanya. “Kalau boleh aku ingin menggendongnya,membuainya sampai dia lelap di pangkuanku.”
 “Yah, aku pun ingin mencuci pakaiannya. Aku akan memandikannya besok pagi,” kata perempuan lainnya.
“Eh, kalian dengar. Srintil bukan milik orang per orang. Bukan hanya kalian yang ingin memanjakan Srintil.
Sehabis pertunjukan nanti aku mau minta ijin kepada Nyai Kartareja.”
“Engkau mau apa?”
“Memijat Srintil. Bocah ayu itu pasti lelah nanti. Dia akan kubelai sebelum tidur.”
“Yah, Srintil. Bocah kenes, bocah kewes. Andaikata dia lahir dari perutku!” kata perempuan lainnya lagi.
Berkata demikian, perempuan itu mengusap matanya sendiri. Kemudian membersihkan air mata yangmenetes dari hidung.
Ah. Perhatian Srintil itulah yang terasa hilang di
hatiku. “Nanti kalau Srintil sudah dibenarkan bertayub, suamiku menjadi laki-laki pertama yang menjamahnya,” kata seorang perempuan.
“Jangan besar cakap,” kata yang lain. “Pilihan seorang ronggeng akan jatuh pertama pada lelaki yang memberinya uang paling banyak. Dalam hal ini suamiku tak bakal dikalahkan.”
“Tetapi suamimu sudah pikun. Baru satu babak menari pinggangnya akan terkena encok.”
“Aku yang lebih tahu tenaga suamiku, tahu?”
“Tetapi jangan sombong dulu. Aku bisa menjual kambing agar suamiku mempunyai cukup uang. Aku tetap yakin, suamiku akan menjadi lelaki pertama yang mencium Srintil.”
“Tunggulah sampai saatnya tiba. Suami siapa yang bakal menang. Suamiku atau suamimu.”
Kata mereka,
           
The quotations above shows the folish woman that created by the social culture as the woman in the weakness of mind. They as bad as Srintil to accept the social culture without consideration of their role in the society.  In another way, what they do without asking the domination of man behind only creates the institutional strenghtening for men.  The society let woman enjoy their role as the sex machine as the impact of their domestic role. In fact, the beauty of Srintil is created to explain the woman side that does not have relation with strength and power.
The interpretation and the perseption for woman as the sex machine in the “Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk” show that woman as the law creature who occopies the subordinant character. Meanwhile, in the opposite of woman character man achieve the highess position in the social structure as the dominant who injoy and free to exploite woman body. In the relations with Wollstonecraft (in Beenet, 2010) which is explain that the nomination of man begin of opprssed the woman by the social structure and institution that lets woman in fool conditions. Forethemore, after the sexual domination of man which build the woman character especially Srintil only takes their domestic role as the womb of the sexual reproduction.
So the habitual slavery to first imprestion woman as the sex machine is the effect of male domination of wrong understanding in the social assosiation for the idea of moral mistakable. In the relations with Wollstonecraft (ibid) the understanding it is stubborm take the body of woman as the produc sexual interpretation in the social system when man look for beauty as their consumption.

Refferences
Tohari, Ahmad. 2003. Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk. Jakarta: PT Grammedia Pustaka  Utama.
Adam, Hazard. 1991. Critical Theory Since Plato. New York press.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1974. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London press.






11/28/2014

Sastra dan Intertekstualitas

Setiap pembaca yang berhadapan dengan teks pasti bertarung dengan proses pemaknaan. Ia di dalam kubangan untuk menentukan bagaimanakah signifikansi teks yang ia baca. Tanpa dia sadari, kode dan signifikansi yang ada di dalam teks tersebut diperoleh dari teks-teks yang pernah ia baca sebelumnya. Dus dengan demikian tanpa ia sadari pula bahwa sebenarnya tidak ada satupun teks yang benar-benar mandiri. Setiap teks yang ada selalu terkait dengan teks-teks lain untuk mendapatkan signifikansi.
Keadaan ini telah disinggung oleh Julia Kristeva (dalam Culler, 1981: 104) bahwa jumlahan pengetahuan yang dapat membuat suatu teks sehingga memiliki arti, atau intertekstualitas, merupakan hal yang tak bisa dihindari sebab setiap teks bergantung, menyerap, atau merubah rupa dari teks sebelumnya. Hal senada disampaikan oleh Laurent Jenny (dalam Culler, 1981: 104) sebagai “outside of intertextuality, the literary work would be quite simply impertceptible, in the same way as an utterance in an as yet unknown language”. Ini artinya bahwa ketika suatu teks benar-benar tidak bergantung kepada teks lain, maka teks tersebut menjadi tidak bersignifikansi. Namun masalahnya, sebagaimana dituturkan oleh Jenny (dalam Culler, 1981: 104), istilah intertekstualitas sendiri juga sulit dimarkai secara tepat sebab “… at what point can one start to speak the presence of one text in another as an instance of intertextuality?“.
Culler menekankan intertekstualitas sebagai dua hal fokus kajian (Culler, 1981: 103). Fokus pertama adalah penyadaran posisi penting prior texts (teks-teks pendahulu) yang demikian juga berarti istilah ‘otonomi sebuah teks’ adalah istilah yang tidak tepat sebab sebuah teks baru memiliki makna ketika ada teks-teks yang lebih dulu mendahuluinya, jadi tidak ada otonomi. Sedangkan fokus kedua adalah mengenai intelligibility (tingkat terpahaminya suatu teks) dan meaning (makna) yang ditentukan oleh kontribusi teks-teks pendahulu terhadap berbagai macam efek signifikansi.

Reflection Life of Mine in the Novel “The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants” By Ann Brashares

Novel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a best-selling novel in 2001. The novel talks about friendship, which liked especially for woman. Friendship is important for human life, without friendship is easy to dispute each other. With love we can feel a really life, harmonious, peace and the other which can be calm of our feeling.
Literature is some creativity, which can be written and the other. Literature consists of poetry, prose and essay. Here, I explain about novel, novel is long written story.
Literary theory has been regarded by some of its practitioners as a wholly novel approach to language, literature and interpretation, and by many of its opponents as either ‘poor man’s philosophy’ or as a renunciation of the proprieties of literary scholarship. There is some justification for the views of both sides. On the one hand, literary theory has undoubtedly revealed aspects of the philosophical understanding of language and literature which the Anglo-American traditions of analytical philosophy have tended until recently to ignore; on the other, though, it has itself often ignored many of the insights into art, truth and language that are the concern of the German hermeneutic tradition and of analytical philosophy (Bowie, 1997: 1).
A literary work is not an object that stands by itself and that offers the same view to each reader in each period. It is not a monument that monologically reveals its timeless essence. (Jauss, 1239)
According with Aminuddin (2010: 66), novel adalah kisahan atau cerita yang di emban oleh pelaku-pelaku tertentu dengan pemeranan, latar serta tahapan rangkaian cerita tertentu yang bertolak dari hasil imajinasi pengarangnya sehingga menjalin suatu cerita.
In line with definition above, Fiksi menceritakan berbagai masalah kehidupan masalah kehidupan dalam interaksinya dengan diri sendiri, serta interaksinya dengan Tuhan. Fiksi merupakan hasil dialog, kentemplasi, dan reaksi pengarang terhadap lingkungan dan kehidupan. Oleh karena itu, bagaimanapun fiksi merupakan sebuah cerita, dan karenanya terkandung juga di dalamnya tujuan memberikan hiburan kepada pembaca disamping ada tujuan estetik (Nurgiyantoro, 2002: 3).
Based on Eneste,  Novel menyampaikan cerita, ide, amanat atau maksudnya dengan pertolongan kata-kata. Seorang novelis membangun alur, penokohan, latar dan suasana dengan bantuan kata-kata.

THE ENGLISH PERIOD


The Old English Period or the Anglo Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo Saxon or Old English appeared. One of the most well‐known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. Two poets of Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf.

The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English." Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d’Arthur. While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas more and Sir Thomas Wyatt.
In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).
The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizabeth I, 1558 ‐ 1603. During this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.

PERIODISASI PUISI



600‐1200 Old English (Anglo‐Saxon)
Beowulf

1200‐1500 Middle English
Geoffrey Chaucer

1500‐1660 The English Renaissance
1500‐1558
Tudor Period
Humanist Era
Thomas More, John Skelton
1558‐1603
Elizabethan Period
High Renaissance
Edmund Spenser,
Sir Philip Sidney
William Shakespeare

1603‐1625
Jacobean Period
Mannerist Style (1590‐1640)
other styles: Metaphysical
Poets; Devotional Poets

Shakespeare, John Donne, George
Herbert,
Emilia Lanyer
1625‐1649
Caroline Period

John Ford, John Milton
1649‐1660
The Commonwealth
& The Protectorate
Baroque Style, and later, Rococo Style
Milton, Andrew Marvell, Thomas Hobbes
1660‐1700
The Restoration


1700‐1800
The Eighteenth
Century
The Enlightenment;
Neoclassical Period;
The Augustan Age
Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Johnson
1785‐1830
Romanticism
The Age of Revolution
William Wordsworth, S.T. Coleridge, Jane
Austen, the Brontës
1830‐1901
Victorian Period
Early, Middle and Late
Victorian
Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Robert Browning, Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1901‐1960
Modern Period
The Edwardian Era (1901‐1910);
The Georgian Era (1910‐1914)
G.M. Hopkins, H.G. Wells, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, T.S. Eliot
1960‐
Postmodern and
Contemporary
Period

Ted Hughes, Doris Lessing, John Fowles,
Don DeLillo, A.S. Byatt